TY - JOUR T1 - A Second-Order Langevin Sampler Preserving Positive Volume for Isothermal–Isobaric Ensemble AU - Li , Lei AU - Peng , Yuzhou JO - Communications in Computational Physics VL - 3 SP - 630 EP - 660 PY - 2025 DA - 2025/08 SN - 38 DO - http://doi.org/10.4208/cicp.OA-2024-0303 UR - https://global-sci.org/intro/article_detail/cicp/24310.html KW - Molecular dynamics, NPT ensemble, zero-mass limit, operator splitting, weak convergence. AB -

We propose in this work a second-order Langevin sampler for the isothermal-isobaric ensemble (the NPT ensemble), preserving a positive volume for the simulation box. We first derive the suitable equations of motion for particles to be coupled with the overdamped Langevin equation of volume by sending the artificial mass of the periodic box to zero in the work of Liang et al., [J. Chem. Phys., 157(14)]. We prove the well-posedness of the new system of equations and show that its invariant measure is the desired ensemble. The new continuous time equations not only justify the previous cell rescaling methods, but also allow us to choose a suitable friction coefficient so that one has additive noise after a change of variable by taking logarithm of the volume. This observation allows us to propose a second-order weak scheme that guarantees the positivity of the volume. Various numerical experiments have been performed to demonstrate the efficacy of our method.